Sleep occurs in two main stages: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Dreams can occur during any stage of sleep, but the vivid dreams that people tend to remember usually happen during REM sleep. REM sleep is also characterised by relaxed muscles, quick eye movement, irregular breathing, elevated heart rate, and increased brain activity. NREM sleep, on the other hand, is marked by slower breathing and heart rate, and decreased brain activity.
Characteristics | REM Sleep | Non-REM Sleep |
---|---|---|
Eye Movement | Rapid | None |
Brain Activity | Active | Less Active |
Breathing | Irregular | Slow |
Heart Rate | Elevated | Slow |
Muscle Tone | Relaxed | Partial Tone |
Dreaming | More Vivid | More Abstract |
What You'll Learn
- REM sleep is characterised by relaxed muscles, quick eye movement, irregular breathing, elevated heart rate, and increased brain activity
- Dreams during REM sleep are usually more vivid and longer than those during non-REM sleep
- Non-REM sleep is when the body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system
- Dreams can happen during any sleep stage, but the vivid ones that are remembered tend to occur during REM sleep
- REM sleep is important for learning and memory, while non-REM sleep is vital for tissue repair and immune system strengthening
REM sleep is characterised by relaxed muscles, quick eye movement, irregular breathing, elevated heart rate, and increased brain activity
REM sleep is characterised by a number of distinctive features, including relaxed muscles, quick eye movement, irregular breathing, an elevated heart rate, and heightened brain activity.
During REM sleep, the eyes move rapidly in different directions, and the brain is highly active. In fact, brain activity during REM sleep is similar to that of a waking brain. This is in contrast to non-REM sleep, during which brain activity slows down.
REM sleep is also associated with an increase in heart rate and irregular breathing. The muscles tend to relax during this stage of sleep, which is thought to be a protective measure to prevent sleepers from acting out their dreams.
REM sleep is the fourth of four stages of sleep and usually occurs about 60 to 90 minutes after falling asleep. It is during this stage that most dreams occur. Dreams during REM sleep tend to be more vivid and intense, and the dreamer is more likely to remember them upon waking.
The first REM cycle of the night is typically the shortest, lasting only about 10 minutes. Each subsequent cycle gets longer, with the final one lasting up to an hour. Over the course of a full night's sleep, the body will cycle through the four stages of sleep multiple times, with each cycle lasting between 90 and 120 minutes.
While dreams can occur during non-REM sleep, they are usually more abstract and less vivid, and dream recall upon waking is lower.
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Dreams during REM sleep are usually more vivid and longer than those during non-REM sleep
Dreaming occurs during both REM and non-REM sleep, but the dreams that occur during REM sleep are usually more vivid and longer.
REM sleep is the fourth of four stages of sleep and is characterised by relaxed muscles, quick eye movement, irregular breathing, elevated heart rate, and increased brain activity. During REM sleep, the brain is highly active, and brain waves become more variable. The eyes move rapidly behind closed eyelids, and the body experiences temporary loss of muscle tone.
Dreams that occur during REM sleep are usually more vivid and intense. A 2020 study found that descriptions of dreams during REM sleep were more elaborate and structured like a narrative, while dreams during non-REM sleep were more abstract. This is because the brain is more active during REM sleep, and brain activity is similar to when a person is awake.
Dreams during REM sleep are also easier to recall. The same study found that dream recall was more prevalent after REM sleep, while participants were more likely to report not having a dream or having a "white dream" after non-REM sleep. A white dream is when a person can remember the feeling of dreaming but not the content of the dream.
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Non-REM sleep is when the body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system
During the deep stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system. This is the third and deepest stage of NREM sleep, during which the body temperature, heart rate, and breathing all decrease. It is harder to wake someone during this stage, and if they are woken, they will likely experience sleep inertia, a state of confusion or mental fog that can last up to 30 minutes.
NREM sleep is when the body powers down and most body systems, including the brain, become less active. This stage of sleep is important for self-repair and recovery, as the body's reduced activity makes it easier to heal injuries and repair any issues that occurred while awake.
The first two stages of NREM sleep are lighter, with the first being the lightest. During the first stage, the eyes are closed, but it is easy to wake someone up. This phase usually lasts only a few minutes. The second stage is still light sleep but deeper, with the heart rate and breathing slowing down and the body temperature dropping as the body gets ready for deep sleep.
After the third stage of NREM sleep, the body moves into the REM stage, during which most dreams occur. REM sleep stands for rapid eye movement and is characterised by quick eye movement, irregular breathing, elevated heart rate, and increased brain activity. The eyes move rapidly in different directions, and the brain activity is similar to when a person is awake.
After REM sleep, the cycle starts over again, with the body moving back into NREM sleep. Each cycle typically lasts between 90 and 120 minutes, and a person will go through four or five cycles per night if they get a full eight hours of sleep.
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Dreams can happen during any sleep stage, but the vivid ones that are remembered tend to occur during REM sleep
Sleep is a complex and mysterious body process, and researchers are still trying to understand how and why we sleep and what happens to us while we do.
Sleep happens in two main stages: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. NREM sleep is further split into three substages: N1, N2, and N3. When you sleep, you cycle through all stages of NREM and REM sleep several times.
A 2020 study found that dream experiences during the NREM phase tended to be more abstract, while dreams during the REM phase were more elaborate and followed a narrative structure. This is why you're more likely to remember dreams that occur during REM sleep.
While REM sleep is when most dreams occur, it's important to note that you can still dream during NREM sleep. In fact, a state of "hypnagogic hallucinations" can occur during NREM sleep, which involves dream-like hallucinations that happen right before falling asleep.
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REM sleep is important for learning and memory, while non-REM sleep is vital for tissue repair and immune system strengthening
Sleep is a complex and mysterious process, and while you sleep, your brain cycles through different stages of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Each stage serves a unique function, and together, they ensure you wake up feeling rested, with strengthened learning and memory capabilities, and a repaired body.
REM Sleep
REM sleep is the stage of sleep where most dreams occur. It is characterised by rapid eye movement, irregular breathing, elevated heart rate, and increased brain activity. During this stage, your brain repairs itself, processes emotional experiences, and transfers short-term memories into long-term ones. REM sleep stimulates the areas of your brain that help with learning and memory, and it is important for your ability to concentrate and regulate your mood.
Non-REM Sleep
Non-REM sleep, on the other hand, is when your body repairs and regenerates tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens your immune system. This stage of sleep is divided into three substages:
- N1: The lightest stage of sleep where it is easy to wake someone up.
- N2: A deeper stage of light sleep where your heart rate and breathing slow down, and your body temperature drops as you prepare for deep sleep.
- N3: The deep sleep stage where your brain waves are at their slowest, and it is difficult to wake someone up.
Both REM and non-REM sleep are crucial for your well-being. While REM sleep is important for learning and memory, non-REM sleep is vital for tissue repair and strengthening your immune system. If you don't get enough REM sleep, you may experience symptoms like trouble coping with emotions, difficulty concentrating, a weakened immune system, and grogginess in the morning. Insufficient non-REM sleep, on the other hand, means your body doesn't get the chance to fully repair and regenerate, leaving you feeling tired and drained, even if you slept for a long time.
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Frequently asked questions
REM stands for rapid eye movement. During REM sleep, your eyes move around rapidly in different directions, and your brain is active. Your brain activity is similar to its activity when you’re awake.
Non-REM sleep is further split into three distinct substages: N1, N2, and N3. N1 is the lightest stage of sleep, N2 is the "light sleep" stage, and N3 is the deep sleep stage.
Dreams mostly occur during REM sleep, but they can also happen during non-REM sleep. The dreams that occur during REM sleep tend to be more vivid, elaborate, and emotional, while those that occur during non-REM sleep are more abstract and conceptual.
A study by Brazilian and South African researchers found that dreams during REM sleep tend to be more complex and structured, resembling movies with a beginning, middle, and end. On the other hand, dreams during non-REM sleep are shorter and less structured, like GIFs or TikTok videos.
The purpose of dreams is not yet fully understood. Sigmund Freud's "The Interpretation of Dreams" suggests that dreams reveal unconscious thought processes, but this idea has fallen out of favor. Other hypotheses suggest that dreams act as an "unlearning" mechanism or reinforce behaviors not commonly encountered during the awake state.