Evie Summers
There are many events and procedures that we may want to know more about, and understanding what happens during them can help us prepare and feel more in control. For example, during a stroke, a person may experience loss of memory, movement, or speech, or other disabilities due to a loss of blood flow to the brain. During pregnancy, a woman may experience swollen feet, vision changes, and pregnancy rhinitis. During a mammogram, a person will have an X-ray of the breast, which can detect cancer before any physical symptoms appear. During a cesarean section, the mother undergoes major surgery, and complications can arise within minutes. During an in-clinic abortion, a patient will receive counselling, an exam, and the abortion procedure, which usually takes 5-10 minutes.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| What Happens During a Stroke | Loss of blood flow to the brain |
| Death of brain cells and temporary or permanent brain damage | |
| Loss of memory, movement, or speech, or other disabilities | |
| What Happens During a Cesarean Section | Pressure |
| Baby is cleaned and dried, then shown to the parents | |
| Mother holds the baby about an hour later in the recovery room | |
| What Happens During a Physical Exam | Internists diagnose and treat the majority of conditions and diseases that adults have |
| What Happens During Pregnancy Trimesters | Body changes due to accommodating a growing baby |
| Hormone levels change significantly | |
| Vision changes, swollen feet, and pregnancy rhinitis are common | |
| What Happens During a Breast Cancer Screening | Mammogram, an X-ray of the breast |
| Done in a private room with only the patient and X-ray technician present | |
| What Happens During an In-Clinic Abortion | Counseling, exam, and abortion at a health center |
| Abortion takes 5-10 minutes, and medicine is provided for pain |
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A stroke
There are two main types of strokes: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes, which account for about 85-90% of cases, occur when a clot blocks an artery or blood vessel, preventing oxygen-rich blood from reaching the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes, on the other hand, are caused by bleeding in or around the brain. This can happen when a weakened blood vessel bursts, spilling blood into the brain or the surrounding area. The leaked blood puts pressure on the surrounding brain tissue, damaging it.
The effects of a stroke depend on the location and extent of the brain damage. Strokes can cause problems with motor and sensory functions, such as paralysis or numbness on one side of the body, as well as cognitive functions like speech, memory, and understanding. A stroke on the left side of the brain will generally affect the right side of the body, and vice versa. Strokes at the back of the brain can often result in some form of disability involving vision, while a stroke in the brain stem can affect both sides of the body and may lead to a "locked-in" state, where the patient is unable to speak or move.
Strokes are a medical emergency, and immediate treatment is crucial to increase the chances of survival and reduce the risk of permanent damage. The BE FAST acronym can help identify the signs of a stroke, which include balance issues, paralysis or numbness, trouble seeing and speaking, and severe headaches. If you or someone else is exhibiting these symptoms, call emergency services right away.
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Pregnancy trimesters
Pregnancy is typically divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months or 12 to 14 weeks. Each trimester is unique and comes with different symptoms and milestones in fetal development. Here is an overview of what happens during each of the three trimesters:
First Trimester
The first trimester of pregnancy spans from conception to 12 to 13 weeks, marking the first three months of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg will change from a small grouping of cells to a fetus that begins to take on human features and develop its major organs. The mother's body also undergoes significant changes to accommodate the growing baby. Hormone levels change, and the uterus begins to support the growth of the placenta and fetus, with an increase in blood supply to carry oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby. Common symptoms during the first trimester include morning sickness, fatigue, tender and swollen breasts, food cravings or aversions, constipation, and mood swings. It is important to maintain a healthy diet and avoid harmful substances such as smoking, alcohol, and drugs, as this is a crucial time for the baby's development.
Second Trimester
The second trimester of pregnancy spans from 13 to 28 weeks. Many people consider this the best part of the experience, as morning sickness and fatigue often reduce or disappear. The abdomen expands as the fetus continues to grow, and stretch marks may appear. Most organs and body systems have formed by now and will continue to grow and mature. The fetus becomes more active, and most women will start feeling its movements. Many people also find out the fetus's sex during this trimester.
Third Trimester
The third trimester spans from 29 to 40 weeks, marking the final part of pregnancy. The fetus gains weight rapidly, adding body fat that will be important after birth. The brain develops most rapidly during this time, and the fetus can see and hear most stimuli. The mother may experience increased discomfort and anxiety as the due date approaches. The cervix becomes thinner and softer to prepare for the birthing process, and healthcare providers will monitor the mother closely.
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A physical exam
During a physical exam, your doctor will ask questions about your medical history, current lifestyle, behaviours, and vaccination status. You can discuss any health concerns and mention any weight loss or gain. They will also take your weight and height measurements to calculate your body mass index (BMI), which can indicate whether you are underweight or overweight.
The doctor will then check your vital signs, including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and body temperature. They will examine your physical appearance for any signs of illness, focusing on areas such as the head, eyes, chest, abdomen, nervous system functions, and musculoskeletal system. Using medical devices, they will check your ears, eyes, nose, and throat, and listen to your lungs and heart.
The physical evaluation will involve touching parts of your body to check for abnormalities, examining your hair, skin, and nails, and testing your reflexes and motor functions. Based on your medical history and risk factors, the doctor may recommend further screenings, such as blood tests, cholesterol checks, or diabetes screenings.
Finally, the doctor will review your exam results and discuss any necessary lifestyle changes to improve your health and wellness. They will also provide an opportunity to receive vaccinations or boosters to enhance your immune system.
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A mammogram
During a mammogram, each breast is compressed between two plastic plates and an X-ray is taken. The compression of the breast helps to separate the breast tissue, allowing for a clear view of masses that could be obscured by other tissue. This compression can be uncomfortable, and even painful, but it only lasts a few seconds. The whole process should take around 15 minutes. You will be asked to undress from the waist up and will be given a gown to wear. It is important not to wear deodorant, lotions, oils or perfumes, as these will interfere with the machine.
After the mammogram, a radiologist will review the X-rays and give you the results. This usually happens after your appointment, and the time it takes to get results varies. If the results are abnormal, you will need to have some follow-up tests, but this does not necessarily mean you have cancer. Less than 1 in 10 people called back after an abnormal mammogram have breast cancer.
Mammograms are recommended annually for women over the age of 40, although this may vary depending on your risk factors.
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A caesarean section
There are two types of incisions used in C-sections: vertical and horizontal. A vertical C-section involves a vertical incision from the belly button to the pubic hairline. This type of incision is less common due to increased pain and healing time. A horizontal C-section, also known as a "bikini line" incision, is a horizontal cut across the abdomen and lower uterus. This type of incision is preferred as it heals better, is less visible, and has a lower risk of complications in future pregnancies.
C-sections are generally safe, but they carry more risks than vaginal births. Possible complications include infection, organ damage, respiratory distress in the baby, and increased bleeding. The World Health Organization recommends that C-sections be performed only when medically necessary, as they can result in a small increase in poor outcomes for low-risk pregnancies.
C-sections can be planned in advance or performed in emergency situations. Planned C-sections may be recommended for various medical conditions, such as cephalopelvic disproportion, previous C-section history, multiple births, or placenta previa. Emergency C-sections may become necessary during labour due to prolonged labour, failure of vaginal delivery attempts, or umbilical cord complications.
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Frequently asked questions
A stroke occurs when there is a loss of blood flow to a part of the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent brain damage. This can happen when a blood clot blocks an artery in the brain or when there is bleeding from a blood vessel in the head, creating pressure on the brain.
A Cesarean section is a major surgery where the baby is delivered through a surgical procedure. The mother may experience pressure during the surgery and may not feel fully involved in the delivery process. After the birth, the baby is typically cleaned and dried, and the mother may hold the baby about an hour later in the recovery room.
A breast cancer screening involves a mammogram, which is an X-ray of the breast to detect cancer before any physical symptoms appear. The screening is performed in a private room by a specially trained X-ray technician, who provides step-by-step instructions and ensures privacy and comfort.
