Herbie Murray
The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the presence of behaviours that are thought to compromise sleep quality. The index is a useful clinical assessment tool for evaluating sleep hygiene to guide case formulation, treatment planning, or the progress of interventions. SHI scores are presented as a percentile rank, with scores above 50 representing more problematic sleep behaviours than average, and scores below 26 considered good. The scale's developers reported it to have an internal consistency of Cronbach alpha of .66, and good test-retest reliability of 0.71. The SHI is not a diagnostic instrument, but it has been reported to correlate with clinician-diagnosed sleep disorders.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Type of Index | 13-item self-administered Likert scale index |
| Responses | Based on the frequency with which the person engages in the behaviour from 1 (never) to 5 (always) |
| Total Scores | Range from 13-65 |
| Higher Scores | Indicative of more maladaptive sleep hygiene practices |
| Cutoff Score | 16 is the best SHI cutoff score that identifies participants with poor sleep quality |
| Sensitivity | 77.0% |
| Specificity | 47.5% |
| Accuracy | 62.3% |
| Cronbach Alpha | .64, 0.66 |
| Test-Retest Reliability | 0.71 |
| New Version | SHI-10 |
| Response Options | Five, from never to always, rated from zero to four with total scores between 0 and 40 |
| Global PSQI Score | Greater than 5 yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5% |
| Number of Items | 13 |
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What You'll Learn
- The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a 13-item self-administered Likert scale index
- Responses to each item are based on a five-point frequency scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always)
- Higher global scores indicate more maladaptive sleep hygiene practices
- The SHI is useful for evaluating sleep hygiene to guide case formulation and treatment planning
- The SHI has been used in various populations, including non-clinical and clinical samples, and in different countries
The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a 13-item self-administered Likert scale index
The SHI is a useful clinical assessment tool for evaluating sleep hygiene to guide case formulation, treatment planning, and the progress of interventions. It is designed for individuals aged 17 and above. Each item on the SHI is rated on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (always). The total scores range from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep hygiene.
The SHI has been found to have good internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of .66, and good test-retest reliability of 0.71. It has been used in various populations, including Nigerian undergraduate students, Colombian medical students, and non-clinical volunteering psychology university students from the United States.
The SHI is a valuable tool for understanding and improving sleep hygiene practices. It helps identify behaviours that may interfere with sleep and provides a global assessment of sleep hygiene practices. The SHI can be used to track progress over time and guide interventions to improve sleep quality.
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Responses to each item are based on a five-point frequency scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always)
The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a self-administered 13-item questionnaire that assesses behavioural patterns associated with sleep hygiene practices. It is used to evaluate the presence of behaviours that may compromise sleep quality. The SHI is a useful clinical assessment tool for understanding a patient's sleep hygiene, which can then guide case formulation, treatment planning, and the progress of interventions.
Each item on the SHI is rated on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The items are summed to provide a global assessment of sleep hygiene, with scores ranging from 13 to 65. Higher scores indicate more maladaptive sleep hygiene practices and poorer sleep hygiene status.
For example, a person's responses to statements such as "I take daytime naps lasting two or more hours" or "I think, plan or worry when I am in bed" are rated on this scale. The total score is then calculated to understand the individual's sleep hygiene practices.
It is important to note that the SHI is not a diagnostic instrument, but rather a screening tool. Clinicians should use their judgement and consider the psychosocial context of the patient when interpreting the results. Additionally, all responses should be verified by a clinician, as the SHI relies on self-reporting, and a definitive diagnosis should consider other relevant information from the client.
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Higher global scores indicate more maladaptive sleep hygiene practices
The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a self-administered questionnaire that assesses behavioural patterns associated with sleep hygiene practices. It is a 13-item index that uses a Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always) to evaluate the presence of behaviours that may compromise sleep quality. These behaviours include taking long daytime naps, thinking or worrying in bed, and inconsistent sleep and wake times.
Higher global scores on the SHI indicate more maladaptive sleep hygiene practices. That is, higher scores suggest that an individual is engaging in behaviours that interfere with their sleep rather than facilitate it. For example, in a study of Nigerian undergraduate students, higher SHI scores were found to positively correlate with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), indicating poorer sleep quality and increased daytime sleepiness.
The SHI is a useful tool for clinicians and researchers to evaluate sleep hygiene and guide case formulation, treatment planning, and intervention progress. It is important to note that sleep hygiene does not exist in isolation, and psychosocial context plays a role in understanding an individual's sleep habits. Therefore, while the SHI provides valuable insight into sleep hygiene practices, it should be considered alongside other factors influencing sleep quality.
The interpretation of SHI scores can vary depending on the context and population being studied. For example, in the Nigerian undergraduate student study, a cutoff score of 16 on the SHI was found to best identify participants with poor sleep quality, with a sensitivity of 77.0% and an accuracy of 62.3%. However, the recommended value for instruments with good screening potential is an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.800, which is higher than the AUC of 0.650 found in this particular study.
In summary, higher global scores on the Sleep Hygiene Index indicate more maladaptive sleep hygiene practices, which can include behaviours such as irregular sleep patterns, excessive daytime napping, and pre-sleep worry or planning. The SHI is a valuable tool for assessing sleep hygiene and guiding interventions to improve sleep quality, particularly when considered within the broader psychosocial context of the individual.
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The SHI is useful for evaluating sleep hygiene to guide case formulation and treatment planning
The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a self-administered questionnaire used to assess the presence of behaviours that are thought to compromise sleep quality. It is a 13-item self-report index rated on a five-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The total scores range from 13 to 65, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep hygiene status.
The SHI is designed to assess sleep hygiene practices and identify any behavioural patterns that may interfere with sleep. It can be used to evaluate sleep hygiene and guide case formulation and treatment planning. By understanding an individual's sleep hygiene practices, clinicians can develop targeted interventions to improve sleep quality.
The SHI has been found to have satisfactory reliability and validity, with good test-retest reliability. It has been used in various populations, including university students and patients with chronic pain, to assess sleep hygiene and guide treatment.
In a study of Nigerian undergraduate students, the SHI was evaluated for its screening characteristics against students' sleep quality measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The SHI was found to be of moderate use as a screening tool to identify students with poor sleep quality, with a cutoff score of 16 providing the highest sensitivity and specificity.
The SHI can provide valuable insights into an individual's sleep habits and guide the development of targeted interventions to improve sleep hygiene and overall sleep quality. However, it is important to note that the SHI is not a diagnostic tool, and a definitive diagnosis should be made by a clinician considering all relevant information.
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The SHI has been used in various populations, including non-clinical and clinical samples, and in different countries
The Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) is a self-administered 13-item Likert scale index that assesses behavioural patterns associated with sleep hygiene practices. Responses are based on the frequency with which the person engages in the behaviour, from 'never' to 'always'. The SHI has been used in various populations, including non-clinical and clinical samples, and in different countries.
In one study, the SHI was used to evaluate sleep hygiene among Nigerian undergraduate students. The study found the SHI to be of moderate use as a screening tool to identify students with poor sleep quality. The SHI was also found to have satisfactory reliability and validity. Another study evaluated the psychometric performance of a new version of the SHI (SHI-10) among Colombian medical students.
The SHI has also been used in Indian medical residents, Saudi university students, and non-clinical volunteering psychology university students from the United States. Additionally, the SHI has been translated and validated in other languages, such as Arabic, for use among university students in Qatar.
The SHI is a useful tool for evaluating sleep hygiene and guiding case formulation, treatment planning, and progress assessment of interventions. It can be used as an inexpensive and accessible baseline assessment to identify and manage poor sleep quality, which can impact academic, physical, and psychological functioning.
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Frequently asked questions
The SHI is a 13-item self-administered index used to assess the presence of behaviours that are thought to compromise sleep quality.
The SHI is rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (always). The total scores range from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep hygiene status.
Scores below 26 are considered good, 27-34 as normal, and 35 and above are considered poor sleep hygiene.
The SHI is a useful clinical assessment tool for evaluating sleep hygiene to guide case formulation, treatment planning, and the progress of interventions.
