Miya Pearson
Camping is a fun adventure, but a good night's sleep is essential. Choosing a cold-weather sleeping bag is a balancing act between weight and warmth. Down fill is warm and light, but expensive, while synthetic insulation is cheaper, hypoallergenic, and stays warm when wet, but it's bulkier and less packable. Temperature ratings vary, but generally, a cold-weather bag should be 10° Fahrenheit or lower. The Western Mountaineering Kodiak MF is an excellent option with its warmth, weather resistance, and lightweight design. The Therm-a-Rest Questar is another warm and comfortable choice without the high price tag. The MSS Sleep System is a versatile, modular, and durable option, keeping you warm and dry.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Temperature rating | Between -20° Fahrenheit and 10° Fahrenheit |
| Shape | Mummy, square taper, modified taper, or spoon-shaped |
| Insulation | Synthetic (e.g. polyester), premium down, or hydrophobic down |
| Weight | Lightweight for backpacking, heavier for extreme cold |
| Size | Regular or long, depending on the height of the user |
| Additional features | Hanging loops, internal pockets, zips, hoods, draft tubes, water-resistant |
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What You'll Learn
How to test a sleeping bag for cold weather
When it comes to sleeping bags, the key factor is their temperature rating. This is determined through standardised tests, which give a precise and comparable system for judging a sleeping bag's warmth. The current ISO 23537 sleeping bag test standard is recognised globally and has replaced the EN 13537 standard.
The test uses a heated mannequin with multiple temperature sensors inside a climate-controlled room on a standardised mat. The mannequin, wearing standard pyjamas and a cold-weather mask, measures the power needed to maintain warmth in a cold room, determining the sleeping bag's thermal resistance. The thermal resistance is then converted into temperature ratings based on historical data. The test produces three temperature ratings: Upper Comfort, Comfort, and Lower Limit. The Upper Comfort rating is the highest temperature at which an average 70kg man should feel comfortable. The Comfort rating is the temperature at which an average 60kg woman can sleep comfortably through the night. The Lower Limit rating is the temperature at which a standard 70kg man can sleep for eight hours without waking.
It is important to note that these ratings are based on 'average' users and should be used as a guide. Different people will feel warmer or colder in the same sleeping bag in the same conditions. Other factors that can affect the warmth of a sleeping bag include the type of insulation, the sleeping pad, the sleeper's clothing, and the sleeping bag's shape. For example, a mummy-shaped bag boosts warmth and cuts weight with a snug fit, while a rectangular bag allows plenty of room to stretch out. Additionally, the sleeping bag's face fabric can impact its warmth, especially outdoors without shelter, as airflow becomes crucial.
When choosing a sleeping bag for cold weather, it is recommended to pick one with a lower temperature rating than the lowest nighttime temperature you expect. If you tend to feel cold, use the comfort rating as a baseline and get a bag with a significantly lower comfort figure than the coldest expected temperature. You can also add a soft sleeping bag liner inside your bag to add extra warmth.
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Sleeping bag insulation and fill power
Sleeping bags are designed to keep you warm in cold conditions. The type of insulation and fill power are important factors to consider when choosing a sleeping bag for cold weather. There are two main types of insulation: goose down and synthetic.
Goose down insulation is made from the natural insulation of ducks and geese. It is more expensive, lighter, more compressible, and more durable than synthetic insulation. Down insulation also provides greater warmth for its weight. However, it loses its insulating efficiency when wet and is more difficult to clean and dry. The fill power of goose down indicates the quality of the down, with higher fill powers generating greater warmth for their weight. Bags with higher fill powers are intended for extreme cold and ultralight backpacking.
Synthetic insulation, on the other hand, is a lab-created product made from various materials such as Polarguard 3D or Primaloft. Synthetic insulation is more affordable, easier to clean, and continues to insulate when wet. It dries out quickly and is more durable than goose down. However, it does not loft to the same degree as goose down and may be heavier and bulkier. There is no widely adopted "fill power" specification to evaluate the performance of synthetic fills, so other ratings should be considered when choosing a synthetic sleeping bag.
The design of the sleeping bag also plays a crucial role in insulation. The distribution of insulation between the bag's liner and outer shell is carefully engineered to ensure even distribution and avoid cold spots. The complexity of the down chambers in higher-quality bags prevents the down from shifting and keeps it in place to insulate you as you move in your sleep. Additionally, features like a draft collar, draft tube, hood, and venting zippers can improve the warmth of the bag.
When choosing a sleeping bag for cold weather, it is essential to consider the temperature rating, fill power, and the design features that will keep you warm and comfortable. Both goose down and synthetic insulation have their advantages and disadvantages, so selecting the right type of insulation depends on your specific needs and preferences.
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Mummy-shaped sleeping bags
Mummy bags are ideal for backpacking as they are lightweight and easy to carry. However, some people find them restrictive and claustrophobic. Mummy-shaped sleeping bags for cold weather should have a neck yoke, or "draft collar", to keep out the cold air. A draft tube, a flap of fabric covering the zipper, is also necessary for winter camping. Mummy bags may have no zipper, a short zipper, or a full zipper. A full zipper is preferable for ease of use, but a bag with no zipper will reduce heat loss.
The Rab Alpine 800 is a lightweight, well-designed cold-weather sleeping bag with a tapered mummy shape that provides a snug fit, maximising insulation. The bag has an angled footbox to keep feet warm and minimise down compression. It also has an anti-snag zip guard, a zip 'plow', thick draft collar, and draft tube.
The Zpacks 20F Mummy Sleeping Bag is another option. It features a rectangular foot box that fits the shape of your feet comfortably, a full-length two-way side zipper, and a draft tube to stop cold air from passing through. It also has a zipper guard to prevent snagging and a snap at the top of the zipper to keep it securely closed.
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Lightweight sleeping bags for backpacking
When it comes to sleeping bags for cold weather, the first purchase you should consider is a cold-weather sleeping bag. But what counts as "cold weather" varies depending on where you live. For instance, if you reside in the southern regions of the United States, 45-degree overnight temperatures might be considered chilly. On the other hand, if you're braving the extreme cold of Fairbanks, you'll want gear that can withstand temperatures as low as negative 20 degrees.
For those seeking lightweight sleeping bags for backpacking, there are a few excellent options to consider:
The Rab Glacier 700
The Rab Glacier 700 is a lightweight bag that delivers excellent performance, making it perfect for winter camps and bothy use. It features a minimalist design, with hanging loops to keep the weight down. While it comes at a higher price, its weight, pack size, comfort, and performance make it a top choice for those venturing into the winter hills.
Sea to Summit Bags
Sea to Summit offers a range of lightweight sleeping bags suitable for different climates. The Palisade 30 and The North Face Superlight 15 are ideal for backpacking in places like Nepal, where temperatures can drop at high altitudes. Their down cold weather sleeping bag is another excellent option, featuring an ultra-dry treatment and baffles that prevent the down fill from shifting. This bag is versatile, with numerous zips for folding and opening, and a generous hood for added warmth.
Sierra Designs Nitro 0°
The Sierra Designs Nitro 0° is a lightweight, 1.25kg sleeping bag perfect for winter backpacking. It features a thin 15d ripstop nylon construction, a half-length zip, and minimal features, keeping the weight down. The 800 fill power insulation is responsibly sourced and performs well in damp conditions, making it a great choice for those seeking a lightweight, ethical option.
Zpacks Solo Quilt
The Zpacks Solo Quilt is a versatile option that can be tucked under you or clipped at the center for a secure fit. It's super soft, warm, and lightweight, making it ideal for hikers who want freedom of movement without sacrificing warmth. The full-zip version features a full-length zipper and a draft tube, allowing you to adjust to varying temperatures.
Ultralight Sleeping Bags
For ultralight backpackers, weight is a critical factor. The Feathered Friends Vireo UL is a lightweight option, although it comes at a higher price point. The Hammock Gear Economy Burrow 20 offers a more affordable alternative without compromising performance. It kept testers warm in near-freezing temperatures and packs down surprisingly small, making it an excellent choice for those counting ounces.
When choosing a lightweight sleeping bag for cold weather backpacking, consider the temperature range, weight, pack size, and comfort. Some bags may prioritize warmth over weight, so it's essential to strike a balance based on your specific needs and the conditions you'll be facing.
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Temperature ratings
Sleeping bag temperature ratings are determined through standardised testing methods, such as the ISO (International Standards Organization) Test, which replaced the EN (European Norm) standard. The ISO Test involves placing a heated or instrumented electronic mannequin, dressed in long underwear or base layers, inside the sleeping bag, which is then placed on a sleeping pad. The air temperature is gradually lowered, and the electrical energy required to maintain the mannequin's initial temperature is measured. This process helps determine the bag's ability to retain warmth.
The ISO Test provides three temperature thresholds: Comfort, Limit, and Extreme. The Comfort rating indicates the temperature at which the "average female" can sleep comfortably through the night without curling up for warmth. This rating is typically used for women's sleeping bags as women generally feel colder than men. The Limit rating is based on the temperature at which the "average man" can maintain thermal equilibrium for eight hours in a curled-up position without shivering or risking hypothermia. This rating is often used for men's sleeping bags. The Extreme rating, used by the EN standard, indicates a temperature at which a woman is unlikely to die of hypothermia within six hours.
It's important to note that temperature ratings have limitations. They don't account for individual variations in body types, clothing, gear, sleeping pads, and environmental conditions. Therefore, it's always a good idea to choose a bag with a comfort rating slightly lower than the coldest temperature you expect to encounter and to prepare adequately for cold weather camping. Additionally, some companies use their own rating systems, so it's essential to trust ratings from reputable manufacturers.
When selecting a cold-weather sleeping bag, it's crucial to consider factors beyond temperature ratings. The bag should be warm, but also lightweight and easy to carry. Some bags achieve this balance by using premium down or focusing more insulation on the top portion of the bag. Mummy-shaped bags are popular for maximising insulation, but they may not be comfortable for everyone. Spoon-shaped bags are better suited for side sleepers, and women's bags often have additional insulation in different areas.
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Frequently asked questions
Some highly-rated cold-weather sleeping bags include the Rab Glacier 700, the Sea to Summit Altitude II, the Sierra Designs Nitro 0°, the Rab Alpine 800, the Therm-a-Rest Questar, Stephenson's Warmlite Triple bag, and the MSS Sleep System.
The temperature rating shows the lowest temperature at which the sleeping bag will keep you warm. A cold-weather sleeping bag should have a rating of 10° Fahrenheit or lower.
A good cold-weather sleeping bag should be lightweight and easy to carry, especially if you're backpacking. It should also have enough insulation to keep you warm. Some bags have extra insulation in the footbox to keep your feet warm. Mummy-shaped bags are good for maximising insulation, while spoon-shaped bags are better for side sleepers.
