Gina Johnson
When it comes to buying a sleeping bag, temperature ratings are key. Sleeping bags provide warmth by insulating your body from outside temperatures, and they achieve this using two types of insulation: down feathers or synthetic fibres. Temperature ratings are determined by lab testing, which simulates how a sleeping bag is used, but real-world comfort may differ due to variables such as clothing, gear, body type, weather conditions, and more. When choosing a sleeping bag, it's recommended to pick one with a lower temperature rating than the lowest expected nighttime temperature at your camping location. Additionally, factors such as bag shape, weight, and features like hoods and zippers should be considered.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Temperature ratings | Based on an "average sleeper", temperature ratings are a baseline for comparison. However, they are not definitive as people have different shapes, sizes, ages, and metabolic rates. |
| Lab testing | Lab-tested temperature ratings (indicated by "EN" or "ISO") are useful for comparing sleeping bags from different brands. EN (European Norm) was the original standard, and ISO (International Standards Organization) now oversees bag testing with a similar method. |
| Women's bags | Women's sleeping bags typically use the comfort rating, which is the temperature for colder sleepers. Women generally sleep colder than men due to lower metabolic rates and muscle mass. |
| Men's bags | Men's sleeping bags use the lower limit rating, which is always lower than the comfort rating. This indicates the temperature at which a warm sleeper might still feel comfortable. |
| Real-world comfort | Real-world comfort may differ from lab-tested ratings due to variations in clothing, gear, body types, weather conditions, food intake, etc. |
| Bag names | The numbers on bag names may not match exact temperature ratings. Always check the actual test rating on the bag. |
| Zippers | Multiple zipper sliders allow for easy ventilation adjustment. Some bags have zipper guards or covers to prevent snagging. |
| Storage | A stuff sack compresses the sleeping bag for compact storage, while a storage sack made of mesh or cotton is ideal for long-term storage. |
| Liners | Sleeping bag liners add extra warmth and help keep the bag clean. |
| Shape | Camping bags offer more room to move, while backpacking bags are lighter and more snug. |
| Weight | Warmer sleeping bags are heavier, and backpacking bags should be lightweight and packable. |
| Seasonality | Summer bags are typically rated 32°F and above, 3-season bags 20°F to 32°F, and winter bags 20°F and below. |
| Temperature rule of thumb | As a rule of thumb, add 10-15°F to the bag's advertised temperature rating to estimate its warmth. |
| Winter camping | For winter camping, a goose down sleeping bag with a rating of at least -20°F is recommended. |
| Summer camping | Synthetic bags are ideal for summer camping as they dry fast and retain insulation when wet. |
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What You'll Learn
Sleeping bag temperature ratings
Sleeping bags are an essential part of camping gear, especially in the Western US, where cold nights are common. The temperature rating of a sleeping bag is a key factor in choosing one. The bag industry has standardised the testing process by agreeing to test bags the same way for all brands. Most brands send their sleeping bags to an independent test lab that assigns bag temperature ratings. The EN (European Norm) was the original standard adopted by the sleeping bag industry. Today, the ISO (International Standards Organization) oversees bag testing, which is almost identical to the EN test.
Lab-tested temperature ratings (as indicated by "EN" or "ISO" ratings) are useful for comparing sleeping bags from different brands. The EN/ISO standards include using a heated mannequin wearing light clothing and a well-insulated pad. There are three main rating categories: Upper Limit, Comfort, and Lower Limit. The Upper Limit rating is the temperature at which a standard male can sleep without excessive perspiration, with the hood and zippers open and arms outside the bag. The Comfort rating is the temperature at which a standard female can expect to sleep comfortably in a relaxed position. The Lower Limit rating is the temperature at which a standard male can sleep for eight hours in a curled position without waking.
The Comfort rating is used for women's bags, as data shows that the "average woman" will feel colder in the same bag as the "average man." At a given temperature, most women's bags weigh more than men's bags because they require more insulation to achieve the same Comfort rating as men's bags' Lower Limit rating. The Lower Limit rating is always lower than the Comfort rating and indicates the temperature at which a warm sleeper might still feel comfortable. This is the temperature rating used for men's bags.
It is important to note that temperature ratings are estimates, and real-world comfort may differ from lab-tested ratings due to various factors such as clothing, gear, body type, weather conditions, and food intake. Therefore, it is recommended to choose a sleeping bag with a lower temperature rating than the lowest nighttime temperature expected. Additionally, factors such as a snug-fitting hood, multiple zipper sliders, a stash pocket, and a soft liner can also impact the warmth and functionality of a sleeping bag.
For winter camping, goose down sleeping bags are recommended, with a temperature rating of at least -20° Fahrenheit. For summer camping, synthetic sleeping bags are preferred as they dry faster and retain insulation when wet. In very warm climates, bags rated 30-40 degrees Fahrenheit are suitable. It is also suggested to add 10-15 degrees to the advertised temperature rating to get a more accurate idea of the bag's warmth.
Understanding the Comfort Rating of Your Sleeping Bag
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Choosing the right bag for your camping/backpacking trip
Choosing the right sleeping bag for your camping or backpacking trip is essential to ensure you get a good night's sleep. There are several factors to consider when selecting a sleeping bag, including temperature ratings, insulation types, bag shapes, and features. Here are some tips to help you choose the right bag:
Temperature Ratings
The temperature rating of a sleeping bag is a key factor in determining how warm it will keep you. Lab-tested temperature ratings, indicated by "EN" (European Norm) or "ISO" (International Standards Organization), provide a standardised way to compare bags from different brands. However, it's important to remember that these ratings are based on "average" sleepers and don't account for individual differences. When choosing a bag, consider the lowest temperature you'll likely encounter and select a bag with a lower temperature rating to ensure you stay warm. For example, for summer camping in most mountainous areas, a bag with a rating of at least 20° Fahrenheit is recommended, while winter camping requires a rating of at least -20° Fahrenheit.
Insulation Types
Sleeping bags typically use either synthetic or goose down insulation. Synthetic bags are ideal for summer camping as they dry quickly and maintain insulating ability when wet. They are also generally more affordable. Goose down insulation, on the other hand, provides excellent warmth and compressibility, making it a popular choice for winter camping. However, it is more expensive.
Bag Shapes
Bag shapes can vary, with the two most common options being the snug mummy shape and the roomier rectangular shape. Mummy-shaped bags are more form-fitting and designed to conserve body heat, making them ideal for colder temperatures. Rectangular bags offer more room to move around and are commonly used for camping when weight and space are less of a concern.
Additional Features
Consider additional features that can enhance your comfort and convenience. For example, a snug-fitting hood can add warmth, while multiple zipper sliders allow for easy ventilation adjustments. Some bags also include stash pockets for small items and stuff sacks for compact storage. A sleeping bag liner can also be used to add extra warmth and keep your bag clean.
Trying Out Bags
Whenever possible, it's a good idea to "try on" different bags to determine which styles and shapes feel most comfortable for you. Visit outdoor gear stores like REI to test out various bags and find the one that best suits your needs.
By considering these factors and doing your research, you can choose the right sleeping bag that will provide a comfortable and warm night's sleep during your camping or backpacking trip.
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How to compare temperature ratings between brands
The temperature ratings of sleeping bags are based on standardised tests, which provide a more precise and comparable system than just the season rating alone. This is especially important if you're wild camping in the Scottish Highlands, Snowdonia, or the Lake District, where temperatures can drop significantly at night.
Sleeping bags are rated according to the International Organization for Standardization standard, using ISO 23537 (the ISO Test). The test involves placing a heavily instrumented electronic manikin, wearing long underwear, inside the sleeping bag, and positioning both on top of a foam sleeping pad. The temperature of the air is then cooled, and the amount of electrical energy needed to maintain the manikin’s initial temperature is measured.
The ISO Test provides three temperature thresholds: a COMFORT rating, a LIMIT rating, and an EXTREME rating. The COMFORT rating is based on the air temperature at which the "average female" can sleep comfortably through the night without curling up for warmth. The LIMIT rating is based on the temperature at which the "average man" can maintain his thermal equilibrium in a curled-up position. The EXTREME rating indicates the temperature at which there is a risk of health damage to a "standard woman" by hypothermia.
It's important to note that these ratings are based on \"average\" users and should be used as a guide. Individual factors such as metabolism, what you wear to sleep, and how accustomed you are to sleeping outdoors can also affect how warm you sleep. Additionally, the numbers on bag names might not match the exact temperature ratings, as brands may round up or down to a number that ends in 0 or 5. Therefore, it's always good to read reviews of a particular sleeping bag by professional gear testers who have a good comparative knowledge of different bags on the market.
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How to prepare for unexpected temperature drops
When preparing for unexpected temperature drops, it is crucial to prioritize staying warm and safe. Here are some detailed guidelines to help you prepare effectively:
Choose the Right Sleeping Bag:
Selecting an appropriate sleeping bag is crucial for staying warm during unexpected temperature drops. Opt for a bag with a temperature rating lower than the coldest conditions you anticipate. This will ensure you stay warm throughout the night. Look for features like draft collars, hood cinches, and draft tubes to prevent cold air from seeping in. Mummy-shaped sleeping bags are excellent for retaining warmth as they fit closely to your body and usually include a hood to prevent heat loss. Consider investing in a sleeping bag liner for added warmth and to keep your bag clean.
Dress in Layers:
Layering is essential to maintaining body heat. Dress in base layers made of moisture-wicking materials to keep your skin dry. Add insulating mid-layers for warmth, and finish with a breathable, windproof outer layer to protect against the elements and prevent heat escape. Don't forget to pack extra clothing, including insulated jackets, hats, gloves, and socks, in case of unexpected weather changes.
Stay Properly Fueled and Hydrated:
Eating nutrient-dense, high-calorie meals and staying hydrated are crucial for generating body heat. Pack foods like nuts, dried fruits, energy bars, and good fats like fish, nuts, and avocados. Drink plenty of water, even if you don't feel thirsty, as dehydration increases susceptibility to the cold. Bring a thermos filled with hot water or soup to sip throughout the day and maintain your body temperature.
Prepare Your Campsite:
Ensure your tent is sturdy and secure, especially if there are intense winds. Consider a tarpaulin to extend over your living area for added protection from the elements and extra dry space.
Plan for Longer Cooking Times:
Remember that cooking times are longer in low temperatures. Plan to rise early to heat liquids, and bring extra fuel to compensate for the additional cooking time. Have easy-to-prepare items or one-pot meals in case of unexpected weather changes that may hinder cooking.
Check Weather Forecasts and Prepare Accordingly:
While weather forecasts may not always be accurate, checking them can help you anticipate potential temperature drops. Even if the forecast looks ideal, pack as if unexpected weather changes might occur. Bring a waterproof jacket, and consider waterproof pants and boots.
By following these guidelines, you can effectively prepare for unexpected temperature drops and ensure a safer and more comfortable outdoor experience.
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Additional bag features that add warmth
When it comes to staying warm, the temperature rating of your sleeping bag is crucial. However, there are several additional features that can enhance the warmth of your sleeping bag, ensuring a more comfortable night's sleep.
One of the most effective ways to increase warmth is by using a sleeping bag liner. A liner can add several degrees of warmth to your bag and help keep it clean by absorbing body excretions such as sweat and oil. It's a simple way to boost the insulation of your bag without adding bulk.
The design of the sleeping bag itself can also play a significant role in retaining warmth. A snug-fitting hood, for instance, can make a bag much warmer, as it minimises the entry of cold air. Mummy-style bags often come with a hood, and some may even have an insulated hood that you can pull over your head when you feel a chill. Additionally, a draft collar or a drawstring can help seal in warmth by preventing cold air from seeping in through the neck area.
The type of insulation in your sleeping bag is another important consideration. Goose down insulation is excellent for winter camping as it provides exceptional warmth and is highly compressible, making it ideal for packing. However, it tends to be more expensive than synthetic insulation. Synthetic insulation, on the other hand, is perfect for summer camping, especially in damp conditions, as it dries quickly and retains insulating properties even when wet.
Other features that can add warmth include a stash pocket, which allows you to store small items like a watch or lip balm, keeping them accessible and preventing them from losing warmth. A stuff sack is also handy for storing your sleeping bag when not in use, keeping it compact and protected.
Finally, remember that your choice of clothing and sleeping environment can also impact the warmth of your sleeping bag. Always sleep in dry clothes, preferably in breathable base layers made from Merino wool or synthetic materials. Cover your head, either with a beanie or by utilising the hood of your sleeping bag if it has one. Additionally, choosing a campsite with natural windbreaks, such as a stand of trees, can help block breezes and prevent windchill, keeping you warmer inside your tent and sleeping bag.
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Frequently asked questions
The key factor is its temperature rating. You should also consider the R-value of your pad, the shape of the bag, and the features of the bag.
Temperature ratings are estimates of how warm a sleeping bag will keep you. They are based on standardised tests performed on a heated mannequin dressed in a base layer and placed inside the sleeping bag on a sleeping mat inside a cold chamber.
First, find out the lowest temperature you're likely to encounter. Then, consider whether you tend to feel hot or cold. If you often feel cold, use the comfort rating as a baseline and choose a bag with a lower comfort rating than the lowest expected temperature. If you tend to feel warm, you may be able to rely on the lower limit rating, but it is still recommended to give yourself a buffer of a few degrees.
EN stands for European Norm, and ISO stands for International Standards Organization. Both refer to standardised tests that sleeping bags undergo in order to receive a temperature rating.
For winter camping, a goose down sleeping bag with a temperature rating of at least -20° Fahrenheit is recommended. For summer camping, a synthetic bag is recommended as it dries quickly and maintains insulating ability when wet. For summer camping in Montana and most mountainous areas of the US, choose a bag with a rating of at least 20° Fahrenheit. For very warm climates, bags rated 30-40° Fahrenheit are suitable.
